BACKGROUND Dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLEs) contain molecules smaller than 10 kDa with biological activity in receptor organisms. Primarily, they participate in the regulation of the Th1 immune response, which is essential for the control of several intracellular infections, such as toxoplasmosis. This disease is associated with congenital infection, encephalitis or systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. The clinical course of this infection fundamentally depends on a well-regulated immune response and timely treatment with the appropriate drugs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with a leukocyte extract, derived from crocodile lymphoid tissue, on the histopathology and brain parasite load in NIH mice that had been infected with cysts of Toxoplasma gondii (ME-49 strain). METHODS The treatment was applied during the acute and chronic stages of the infection. Histopathological changes were evaluated in the ileum, liver and spleen at one, four and eight weeks after infection and in the brain at week 8. The parasite load was evaluated by counting the cysts of T. gondii found in the brain. FINDINGS Compared to the control mouse group, the mice infected with T. gondii and under treatment with DLE showed less tissue damage, mainly at the intestinal, splenic and hepatic levels. In addition, a greater percentage of survival was observed, and there was a considerable reduction in the parasite load in the brain. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that DLE derived from crocodile is a potential adjunctive therapy in the conventional treatment of toxoplasmosis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus casei administered orally or intraperitoneally to NIH mice, on the experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi Ninoa strain. Twenty three NIH mice were randomly distributed into three groups, which were treated seven days before the infection with 12 x 10(4) Trypanosoma cruzi, Ninoa strain. The animals in the control group (n = 7) received sterile saline solution by intraperitoneal (ip) route; those in the Lc-O group (n = 8) were treated with Lactobacillus casei by oral route, and those in the Lc-IP group (n = 8) received L. casei by ip. The mice treated with the lactobacilli showed a reduced number of blood parasites after challenge, as compared with those of the control group (P < 0.01). Similarly, the mice treated with L. casei by ip route showed a significant minor total number of parasites after challenge, than those of the group treated with L. casei by oral route (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the treatment of mice with L. casei, both orally and intraperitoneally, induces a protective response against the experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi Ninoa strain.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de Lactobacillus casei administrado por vía oral o intraperitoneal a ratones NIH, en la infección experimental con Trypanosoma cruzi cepa Ninoa. Se distribuyeron al azar 23 ratones NIH en tres grupos, los cuales fueron tratados siete días antes de la infección con 12 x 10(4) Trypanosoma cruzi, cepa Ninoa. Los animales en el grupo testigo (n = 7) recibieron solución salina estéril por vía intraperitoneal (ip); los del grupo Lc-O (n = 8), Lactobacillus casei vía oral, y los del grupo Lc-IP (n = 8) recibieron L. casei vía ip. Los ratones tratados con lactobacilos mostraron un número reducido de parásitos sanguíneos después de la confrontación, en comparación con el grupo testigo (P < 0.01). A su vez, los ratones tratados con L. casei vía ip mostraron un número total significativamente menor de parásitos sanguíneos después de la confrontación, que el observado en el grupo tratado con L. casei vía oral (P < 0.05). Los resultados sugieren que el tratamiento de ratones, tanto por vía oral como ip con L. casei, induce respuesta protectora contra la infección experimental con Trypanosoma cruzi cepa Ninoa.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity of Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus to enhance resistance against Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: NIH mice were IP injected with viable lactobacillus casei seven days (LC1 group) or 7 and 14 days (LC2 group) before the challenge (day 0) with Plasmodium chabaudi parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). Control mice were inoculated with pRBC only. When parasitaemia was resolved, naive mice were injected with spleen cells from each group. The parasitaemia was measured. Nitric oxide (NO.) in serum was determined. RESULTS: Mice from the LC1 group presented a reduction in parasitaemia, with a prepatent period of five days, parasitaemia lasted 11 days, and the peak was (36.3 % pRBC) on the 12th day post-infection. Mice from the LC2 group showed a prepatent period of five days, parasitaemia lasted eight days, and the peak (30 % pRBC) was of on the 11th day. In the control, the prepatent period was three days, the parasitaemia lasted 15 days, and the peak (51% pRBC) was on day nine. Mice inoculated with spleen cells from the LC2 group showed a prepatent period of 21 days, parasitaemia lasted seven days, and the peak (13.5% pRBC) was on the 26th day. CONCLUSION: L. casei enhanced nonspecific resistance to P. chabaudi, as indicated by longer prepatent periods, reduced parasitaemia, and reduction in the viability of the parasites recovered from the spleen of infected mice, along with high concentrations of NO. in serum.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad de Lactobacillus casei de aumentar la resistencia a la infección con Plasmodium chabaudi en ratones. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Ratones NIH fueron inyectados intraperitonealmente con L. casei viable 7 días (grupo LC1) o 7 y 14 días (grupo LC2) antes del reto (día 0) con glóbulos rojos parasitados (GRP) con P. chabaudi. Los testigos fueron inoculados con GRP solamente. Cuando la parasitemia se resolvió, se inocularon ratones limpios con células de bazo de cada grupo. Se midió la concentración de óxido nítrico (NO.) en suero. RESULTADOS: El grupo LC1 presentó un periodo prepatente de 5 días, una parasitemia de 11 días con el máximo (36.3% de GRP) el día 12. Los ratones del grupo LC2 mostraron un periodo prepatente de 5 días, una parasitemia de 8 días con el pico (30% de GRI) el día 11. En los testigos el periodo prepatente fue de 3 días, la parasitemia de 15 y su máximo (51% de GRI) el día 9. Los ratones que recibieron células de bazo del grupo LC2, mostraron un período prepatente de 21 días, una parasitemia de 7 con su máximo (13.5% de GRI) el día 26. CONCLUSIÓN: L. casei aumenta la resistencia no específica hacia P. chabaudi a juzgar por los periodos prepatentes más largos, las bajas parasitemias, la reducción en la viabilidad y la elevación de la concentración de NO. en el suero, que presentaron los ratones estimulados con lactobacilos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity of Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus to enhance resistance against Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: NIH mice were IP injected with viable lactobacillus casei seven days (LC1 group) or 7 and 14 days (LC2 group) before the challenge (day 0) with Plasmodium chabaudi parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). Control mice were inoculated with pRBC only. When parasitaemia was resolved, naive mice were injected with spleen cells from each group. The parasitaemia was measured. Nitric oxide (NO.) in serum was determined. RESULTS: Mice from the LC1 group presented a reduction in parasitaemia, with a prepatent period of five days, parasitaemia lasted 11 days, and the peak was (36.3 % pRBC) on the 12th day post-infection. Mice from the LC2 group showed a prepatent period of five days, parasitaemia lasted eight days, and the peak (30 % pRBC) was of on the 11th day. In the control, the prepatent period was three days, the parasitaemia lasted 15 days, and the peak (51% pRBC) was on day nine. Mice inoculated with spleen cells from the LC2 group showed a prepatent period of 21 days, parasitaemia lasted seven days, and the peak (13.5% pRBC) was on the 26th day. CONCLUSION: L. casei enhanced nonspecific resistance to P. chabaudi, as indicated by longer prepatent periods, reduced parasitaemia, and reduction in the viability of the parasites recovered from the spleen of infected mice, along with high concentrations of NO. in serum.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad de Lactobacillus casei de aumentar la resistencia a la infección con Plasmodium chabaudi en ratones. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Ratones NIH fueron inyectados intraperitonealmente con L. casei viable 7 días (grupo LC1) o 7 y 14 días (grupo LC2) antes del reto (día 0) con glóbulos rojos parasitados (GRP) con P. chabaudi. Los testigos fueron inoculados con GRP solamente. Cuando la parasitemia se resolvió, se inocularon ratones limpios con células de bazo de cada grupo. Se midió la concentración de óxido nítrico (NO.) en suero. RESULTADOS: El grupo LC1 presentó un periodo prepatente de 5 días, una parasitemia de 11 días con el máximo (36.3% de GRP) el día 12. Los ratones del grupo LC2 mostraron un periodo prepatente de 5 días, una parasitemia de 8 días con el pico (30% de GRI) el día 11. En los testigos el periodo prepatente fue de 3 días, la parasitemia de 15 y su máximo (51% de GRI) el día 9. Los ratones que recibieron células de bazo del grupo LC2, mostraron un período prepatente de 21 días, una parasitemia de 7 con su máximo (13.5% de GRI) el día 26. CONCLUSIÓN: L. casei aumenta la resistencia no específica hacia P. chabaudi a juzgar por los periodos prepatentes más largos, las bajas parasitemias, la reducción en la viabilidad y la elevación de la concentración de NO. en el suero, que presentaron los ratones estimulados con lactobacilos.